William Gropper: Artist of the People
The Phillips Collection, Washington
October 17, 2024 - January 5, 2025
Self-portrait, 1965
Oil on canvas, 20 x 24 in.
Collection of Craig Gropper,
Courtesy ACA Gallery, NY
Eternal Senator, 1935
Oil on canvas, 72 x 42 1/8 in.
Collection of Harvey Ross
Construction of the Dam, 1938
Oil on canvas, 27 1/4 x 87 1/4 in.
Smithsonian American Art Museum,
Transfer from the U.S. Department of the Interior,
National Park Service
“Our present foes are domestic foes, not foreign foes.”, 1942
Ink, crayon, and opaque white paint on paper
15 3/8 x 11 1/4 in.
The Phillips Collection
Gift of Harvey Ross in honor of Elsa Smithgall’s
professionalism and dedicated service to
The Phillips Collection, 2023
Published in The Illustrious Dunderheads, 1942
Congressional Declaration, 1947
Ink, crayon, and opaque white paint on paper
19 5/8 x 15 5/8 in.
Collection of Harvey and Harvey-Ann Ross
Published in New Masses, July 8, 1947
The Phillips Collection presents William Gropper: Artist of the People, the first exhibition in Washington, DC, dedicated to political cartoonist, painter, and printmaker WILLIAM GROPPER (b. 1897, New York, NY; d. 1977, Manhasset, NY). Featuring more than 40 paintings, cartoons, and caricatures this focused exhibition reveals William Gropper’s biting commentary on human rights, class, labor, freedom, democracy, and the hypocrisy of the American dream. The exhibition spans the artist’s most prolific years and reconstructs his political critiques and commitment to social justice for a contemporary audience.
The son of impoverished immigrants from Romania and Ukraine, William Gropper grew up poor on the Lower East Side. Witnessing the daily injustices face by the working class during his formative years instilled in him a sympathy for marginalized communities, which greatly influenced his direction as an artist. Gropper contributed thousands of incisive illustrations to Vanity Fair and the New York Tribune, as well as more radical papers like the New Masses, Rebel Worker, and Morning Freiheit. Hailed as the Honoré Daumier of his time due to his sharp criticism of politicians and the government, William Gropper developed a powerful artistic language to catalyze social change.
“Gropper was an artist of, by, and for the people, who fervently believed in the power of art to bring people together and effect change,” says Vradenburg Director & CEO Jonathan P. Binstock. “Over half a century since their creation, Gropper’s work exposes universal human concerns, including the fragility of our democracy, which continue to persist. As an artist who has long been overlooked in the history of 20th-century American art, we are excited to share his work with our guests and spark conversations about its relevance to our contemporary world.”
This presentation of Gropper’s satires and commentary featured examples produced during a fertile period in the artist’s career, between the 1930s and 1950s. During the Great Depression, Gropper, like many of his fellow social realist artists and mentors like Robert Henri and George Bellows, celebrated the importance and inherent dignity of the worker in his art. As a labor activist, Gropper championed unions and defended government programs like the Works Progress Administration (WPA), which provided government jobs for millions of the unemployed and commissioned public artworks by artists who have come to define the American modernist canon including Stuart Davis, Dorothea Lange, Jacob Lawrence, and Jackson Pollock.
“Gropper was a fierce, lifelong social justice advocate who used art to advocate for a better world. He believed strongly that artists be given a ‘free hand’ to reveal hard truths,” says Phillips Chief Curator and exhibition curator Elsa Smithgall. “In addition to his scathing social and political commentary, Gropper also turned to folk heroes and popular imagery from American contemporary discourse to portray optimistic scenes of his vision for an egalitarian society.”
William Gropper’s socially conscious work went beyond support for the worker to the condemnation of racism, fascism, antisemitism, and governmental corruption. In 1936, while on assignment for Vanity Fair, Gropper wielded his brush to document proceedings of the US Senate, where he observed firsthand the shortcomings of democracy as a political system. During World War II, William Gropper supported the war effort, creating war bond posters and cartoons condemning domestic and foreign fascists. He produced thousands of cartoons and received numerous commissions for murals throughout the country, including Construction of a Dam in the Department of the Interior building in DC.
In the 1950s, William Gropper found himself in the crosshairs of Senator Joseph McCarthy’s “Red Scare,” becoming the first of only two artists to be blacklisted, with his works banned from State Department traveling shows and many museums and galleries. The results were immediate and devastating, yet this did not diminish his belief in democracy and freedom of expression, nor his critical eye and artistic vigor. Following these dramatic events, William Gropper produced his famed 50-print set titled The Capriccios after Spanish artist Francisco de Goya’s series of the same name, drawing a provocative parallel between the Spanish Inquisition and McCarthyism. He channeled this dark chapter of paranoia and political scapegoating into his art and regained popular reception in the final decades of his life. He continued to produce works that speak to themes of war, prejudice, greed, and exploitation into his late seventies. By the year of his death, he had shown at most major museums across the US.
William Gropper: Artist of the People is the first exhibition presented by The Phillips Collection dedicated to the artist. In addition to works on loan, the exhibition features a selection of William Gropper’s paintings, prints, and drawings from the collection of Harvey and Harvey-Ann Ross, many of which recently entered the museum’s permanent collection and will be exhibited for the first time.
EXHIBITION CATALOGUE
Edited by Elsa Smithgall, Chief Curator, The Phillips Collection
The exhibition is accompanied by a richly illustrated scholarly catalogue published by The Phillips Collection. It includes a foreword by Jonathan P. Binstock, Vradenburg Director & CEO of The Phillips Collection, essays by noted scholars Norman Kleeblatt, independent curator and critic, Allan Lichtman, Distinguished Professor of History, American University, and Lauren Strauss, Senior Professorial Lecturer and Director of Undergraduate Studies for Jewish Studies, American University, a conversation between Harvey Ross and the exhibition’s curator Phillips Chief Curator Elsa Smithgall, and a translated excerpt of Gropper’s writings that appeared in the Yiddish publication Freiheit. The publication is available at the Museum Shop or online on the shop of The Phillips Collection's website.
THE PHILLIPS COLLECTION, WASHINGTON, DC
1600 21st Street, NW, Washington, DC 20009
